Research Journal Based on Personal Experience and Observation Assignment

Research Journal Based on Personal Experience and Observation - Assignment Example The message drew her attention from the television, and she began to reply. 5:23pm After replying, she took her laptop and opened the tab where she has logged into facebook, and found more than five people have already initiated chats. She commenced replying to their chats, and before she was done with it, her attention was drawn by the television. Therefore, the television distracted her from continuing with the chats on Facebook; in fact, she did not respond to some of the comments from her friends. In the meantime, she was also waiting for her friend to respond to the message that she had sent earlier, via the text messaging. 5:35pm Her friend replied through the phone messaging services, and this drew her attention again. The message seemed to be more interesting than the television: due to a reflection from her smile as she read through. Before replying to the message received, friends on the facebook drew her attention, and she decided to reply to three of her friends. It is ev ident that both messaging and Facebook seemed to be more interesting to her, than watching American Idol on the television, since every time the messages were received, she was drawn from watching the television. 6:01PM 6:10 PM 6:15 PM 6:18 PM She was not paying attention to the television anymore, since she was concentrating on her laptop, while typing on Facebook chats. Therefore, she was not able to pay attentions to the television and Facebook at the same time, though the phone was also demanding attention from her at various instances like reading messages and replying. At this moment, she remembered about her drink, she took it, though her mind, and eyes were focusing on the laptop. Another message was sent to her through the SMS, and this drew her attention to the phone in order to check the message. She replied to the message, thereby taking about three minutes. Finally, her attention was drawn to the television, whereby she stopped typing on the laptop, and commenced watchi ng an iphone 5 commercial on the television. The features of the phone were exiting to her in a way that drew her attention, thus making her to leave all other activities and concentrate on the television advert.   MY REFLECTION During my observation, I was able to identify the way people have been sending and receiving messages in the past using the phone, while comparing to the new social media, Facebook. It is evident that, the new social media is allowing accessibility of numerous people through different avenues of communication at the same time. My subject seems to be distracted while watching the television, since she had to check on the messages received from her friend, while still chatting with her friends on Facebook. However, the new social media offer an opportunity to enjoy watching the same program on the cable television, while chatting with friends, hence reducing the interruption. Subject 2: Myself Date: Monday 10 September 2012 Situation: Texting message using m y phone, while chatting on Twitter   Ã‚   Old  Media: Phone messaging services New (social) Media:

Trends of Economic Thinking

Trends of Economic Thinking The position of the economist in the intellectual life of our time is unlike that of the practitioners of any other branch of knowledge. Questions for whose solution his special knowledge is relevant are probably more frequently encountered than questions related to another science. Yet, in large measure, this knowledge is disregarded and in many respects public opinion even seems to move in a contrary direction. Thus the economist appears to be hopelessly out of tune with his time, giving unpractical advice to which his public is not disposed to listen and having no influence upon contemporary events. Why is this? The situation is not without precedent in the history of economic thought; but it cannot be considered as normal, and there is strong reason to believe that it must be the result of a particular historical situation. For the views at present held by the public can clearly be traced to the economists of a generation or so ago. So that the fact is, not that the teaching of the economist has no influence at all; on the contrary, it may be very powerful. But it takes a long time to make its influence felt, so that, if there is change, the new ideas tend to be swamped by the domination of ideas which, in fact, have become obsolete. Hence the recurring intellectual isolation of the economist. The problem of the relation between the economist and public opinion today resolves itself, therefore, into a question of the causes of the intellectual changes which have conspired to bring about this cleavage. It is this subject which I have chosen as the main theme of this lectureThe subject is a vast one, but the aspect which I wish chiefly to emphasise is that which the economist must, naturally, be most anxious to make clear to the public for example the role played by purely scientific Progress the growth of our insight into the interdependence of economic phenomena in bringing about these changes in his attitude to practical problems. At first sight there seem to be only two reasons why economistsshould change their attitude towards questions of economic policy either they may find that their knowledge has been inadequate, or their views on the fundamental ethical postulates (upon which, of course, every practical conclusion is based) may undergo a change. In either case the role played by science would be clear. But, in fact, the cause of the great historical changes which I am discussing seems to me to be of a more subtle kind. It consists neither of a change in the underlying ethical valuations nor of a refutation of the validity of certain analytical propositions, but rather in a change of view regarding the relevance of that knowledge for practical problems. It was not a change of ideals nor a change of reasoning but a change of view with regard to the applicability of such reasoning which was responsible for the characteristic features of the popular economics of today. How did this come about? It is a common belief that, about the middle of last century, perhaps under the influence of socialistic ideas, the social conscience was aroused by the existence of human misery which had previously escaped recognition, and it was decided no longer to tolerate it. Hence the decline of ‘the old political economy’ which had been blind to these considerations. But, in fact, nothing could be farther from the truth. No serious attempt has ever been made to show that the great liberal economists were any less concerned with the welfare of the poorerclasses of society than were their successors. And I do not think that any such attempt could possibly be successful. The causes of the change must be sought elsewhere. It is probably true that economic analysis has never been the product of detached intellectual curiosity about the why of social phenomena, but of an intense urge to reconstruct a world which gives rise to profound dissatisfaction. This is as true of the phylogenesis of economics as of the ontogenesis of probably every economist. As Professor Pigou2 has aptly remarked: â€Å"It is not wonder, but the social enthusiasm which revolts from the sordidness of mean streets and the joylessness of withered lives, that is the beginning of economic science.† The mere existence of an extremely complicated mechanism which led to some kind of coordination of the independent action of individuals was not sufficient to arouse the scientific curiosity of men. While the movement of the heavenly bodies or the changes in our material surroundings excited our wonder because they were evidently directed by forces which we did not know, mankind remained—and the majority of men still remain—under the erroneous impression that, since all social phenomena are the product of our own actions, all that depends upon them is their deliberate object. It was only when, because the economic system did not accomplish all we wanted, we prevented it from doing what it had been accomplishing, in an attempt to make it obey us in an arbitrary way, that we realized that there was anything to be understood. It was only incidentally, as a by product of the study of such isolated phenomena, that it was gradually realized that many things which had been tak en for granted were, in fact, the product of a highly complicated organism which we could only hope to understand by the intense mental effort of systematic inquiry. Indeed, it is probably no exaggeration to say that economics developed mainly as the outcome of the investigation and refutation of successive Utopian proposals if by utopian we mean proposals for the improvement of undesirable effects of the existing system, based upon a complete disregard of those forces which actually enabled it to work. Now, since economic analysis originated in this way, it was only natural that economists should immediately proceed from the investigation of causal interrelationships to the drawing of practical conclusions. In criticising proposals for improvement, they accepted the ethical postulates on which such proposals were based and tried to demonstrate that these were not conducive to the desired end and that, very often, policies of a radically different nature would bring about the desired result. Such a procedure does not in any way violate the rule, which Professor Robbins4 has so effectively impressed upon us, that science by itself can never prove what ought to be done. But if there is agreement on ultimate aims, it is clearly scientific knowledge which decides the best policy for bringing them about. No doubt the economist should always be conscious of this distinction; but it would certainly have been nothing but intolerable pedantry if, in discussing practical problems, the economist had always insisted that science by itself proves nothing, when in fact it was only the newly gained knowledge which was decisive in bringing about the change in their attitude towards practical affairs. The attitude of the classical economists to questions of economic policy was the outcome of their scientific conclusions. The presumption against government interference sprang from a wide range of demonstrations that isolated acts of interference definitely frustrated the attainment of those ends which all accepted as desirable. But the position of the young science which led to conclusions so much in conflict with the result of more primitive reflections was bound to become difficult as soon as—following its first triumphant success it became more conscious of its remaining defects. And those who disliked its conclusions were not slow in making the most of all the defects they could find. It was not the practical preoccupations of the economist which were responsible for this result. It is by no means certain that economics would have been less disliked if economists had been more careful to distinguish the pure theory from the more applied parts of their conclusions. It is true that economics was contemptuously dubbed’ a mere utilitarian science because it did not pursue knowledge for i ts own sake. But nothing would have aroused more resentment than if economists had tried to do so. Even today it is regarded almost as assign of moral depravity if the economist finds anything to marvel at in his science; i.e., if he finds an unsuspected order in things which arouses his wonder. And he is bitterly reproached if he does not emphasise, at every stage of his analysis, how much he regrets that his insight into the order of things makes it less easy to change them whenever we please. The attack on economics sprang rather from a dislike of the application of scientific methods to the investigation of social problems. The existence of a body of reasoning which prevented people from following their first impulsive reactions, and which compelled them to balance indirect effects, which could be seen only by exercising the intellect, against intense feeling caused by the direct observation of concrete suffering, then as now, occasioned intense resentment. It was against the validity of such reasoning in general that the emotional revolt was directed. Thus, temporarily, social enthusiasm succeeded in destroying an instrument created to serve it because it had been made impatient by the frequent disappointments which it had occasioned. It is not to be denied that, at this early stage, economists had not yet become quite conscious of the precise nature of their generalisations. Nor can it be questioned that on some points, such as the theory of value, they proceeded on very unsatisfactory general assumptions. To what extent the actual foundations of the classical system were influenced by the fashionable philosophy of the day has been made clear by the distinguished author of Philosophy and Politi cal Economy. It is clear that anything which justified the treatment of practical problems as something unique, determined only by their own historical development, was bound to be greeted as a welcome relief from the necessity of controlling e motions by difficult reasoning. It was just this advantage which the historical method afforded. Refusing to believe in general laws, the Historical School had the special attraction that its method was constitutionally unable to refute even the wildest of utopias, and was, therefore, not likely to bring the disappointment associated with theoretical analysis. Its emphasis on the unsatisfactory aspects of economic life, rather than upon what was owed to the working of the existing system, and what would be the consequences if we tried directly to control some of the recognised evils, strongly recommended it to all those who had become impatient. For a considerable time, mainly during the last third of the nineteenth century, the two schools which now existed not only employed different methods, but also turned their attention to different problems. The more theoretically minded had to concentrate rather on the revision of the fundamental principles which had been damaged by decades of attack, and had to leave the more applied parts to others who were coming more and more under the influ ence of the historical method. So long, however, as this part of the task was left to men who had previously become acquainted with the general principles of analysis—and who were, therefore, immune from the more popular fallacies the fulleffect of this change did not become apparent. The distinguished economist to whose memory this chair8 is dedicated, and with whose long and fruitful career Professor Gregory has made us familiar,9 offers a conspicuous example of the nature of this change. Thomas Tooke could never have become one of t he leaders of the free-trade movement in his early years, and remained its lifelong advocate, if he had applied to the problems of international trade the same purely inductive methods which, in his later years, he considered as exclusively decisive in the discussion of monetary problems. As so frequently happens, it was only in the second generation of the new school that the lack of the tools necessary for the interpretation of the intricate phenomena they were busy describing made itself felt. And so it came about that, just at the time when the theorists were most successful in constructing a sounder analytical basis for their science, the superstructure of more concrete applications which had been left in the hands of the more practical-minded men fell gradually, more discredited than disproved, into oblivion. And, in consequence, many of the palliatives and quack remedies which, in the past, had been rejected because, even judged by the analysis of the classical system, their indirect effects were seen to be obviously more objectionable than their immediate benefits, were introduced by the new generation of historical economists, until the reaction was carried to a point at which the futile attempts to redress special grievances by short-sighted State action cou ld hardly have been more numerous if an analytical science of economics had never existed. It is no accident that the return of protectionism which followed the free-trade era of the nineteenth century was the work of men under the influence of this school. It takes a long time to rebuild the structure of a science if one starts by revising the fundamental concepts. And the modern revision of theoretical economics has occupied sufficient time to allow what was at first the heretical view of a number of radical economists. who had tofight what was then the conservatism of the practical men who were still under the influence of economic liberalism—to pervade the thought of the public and to establish itself as the dominating doctrine, not only among advanced social reformers, but even among the most conservative businessmen.

Essay --

Executive summary With the arrival of WEB 2.0, business communications are no longer one way, rather, they create interaction between messenger and receiver. An organization’s website allows visitors to share and participate in the discussion. Organizations are increasingly abstaining from releasing all communications at once; rather, they are releasing bites of information in order to create a â€Å"buzz.† Social media captures information, organizes it, and presents it in context. Organizations are imbedding social media applications on their websites for the purpose of gaining business intelligence. Organizations are shaping their business strategies based on this intelligence. It’s important for organizations to understand that as result of social media, a company’s image extends far beyond the contents of its website. Through social media, a single message can go viral very quickly. An organization must be quick on acting upon any measure of success. Just as positive information about a company and its products can go viral, so can negative information as well. Organizations have found the need to create professional teams in charge of monitoring all communications surrounding a company. These communicatons take place on a 24/7 basis. Web 2.0 is serving as an experimental platform for professional communicators. Organizations are hiring software developers to design social media applications that are industry specific and allow consumers to interact with the organization. Organizations are gathering data on consumers through social media channels. Organizations are developing their own communications applications. The communications field has evolved substantially in the last decade. The arrival of new technologies has transla... ...ating a vast number of professional opportunities for people entering the field and for those with prior professional experience. For professionals who have learned to use all of the tools brought on by WEB 2.0, it’s translated into professional advancement. On the other hand, professionals who have chosen not to participate in the technological frenzy are not being promoted and their careers have stalled. For professionals like Anne Canty, the arrival of WEB 2.0 has given her a change to â€Å"put into action, management philosophies that she longed embraced, and also a chance to learn how to work with social media.† Although Canty believes that there will always be professional opportunities for those with good writing and listening skills, video editing and infographics(See bottom of page 5) are two areas where she believes â€Å"there will be increasing amounts of work.†

Understand how to plan work and be accountable to others

1.1 – Outline guidelines, procedures codes of practice relevant to personal work – The procedures, guidelines and codes of practice relevant to work are: Procedures: Reporting of accidents at work, fire drills, and reporting absence from work as well as first aid procedures. Codes of practice: Good customer service, quality assurance, freedom of information and privacy of personal data. Guidelines: How to answer the phone, dress code, how to handle email, how to store and retrieve information, how to use office equipment and ensure any actions reduce risk to health and safety Guidelines, procedures and codes of practice that relate to personal work are very important as each of them gives information on how to perform the job effectively and safely. Failing to follow these could potentially hurt someone or even more cause problems for the company.1.2 – Explain the purpose of planning work, and being accountable to others for own work – Planning work can be more efficient. Setting priorities in order to do the most important things first is a good way to keep on top of deadlines. If we are accountable to others for our own work then each step can be examined to see that your work is up to standard. It also gives more responsibility for the work being done as it shows the person setting it trusts you with the work.1.3 – Explain the purpose and benefits of agreeing realistic targets for work – The purpose for agreeing realistic targets for work is to keep everyone on task and focused on what work has been set, this way everyone can work more effectively and reach targets instead of struggling. The benefits of this includes being fast and reliable with completing the tasks at hand.1.4 – Explain how to agree realistic targets  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The targets being agreed to must be realistic so that the person doing the job has a good chance of completing them, this will allow the person to work without stress. However if the targets are set too high then the person trying to complete the job will feel under pressure and if the targets are too low then it will eventually get boring and it wouldn’t help you develop  anything out of it.1.5 – Describe ways of planning work to meet agreed deadlines – A good way to meet any agreed deadlines would be to make a list of work that needs to be done with any required dates for completion and prioritise the order is most important. It’s also a good idea to check that you have all the information and resources you need to complete the tasks.1.6 – Explain the purpose of keeping other people informed about progress – It’s important to keep other people informed about the progress of work being done because if there is any problem to meet my deadlines then then you can turn to someone for advice and help to reprioritise the work. As well it is important because the person the work is for can miss their deadlines if itâ €™s not completed on time.1.7 – Explain the purpose and benefits of letting other people know work plans need to be changed – The purpose of letting other people know work plans need to be changed is because they need to know about changes because it may affect their other work and it allows them to make alternate arrangements for the work to be done if necessary.1.8 – Describe types of problems that may occur during work – The types of problem that can occur during work are:  · Equipment breaking.  · Interruptions; such as colleagues asking things.  · Not being kept informed or provided with the information needed to complete the job.  · Absence of other colleagues.1.9 – Describe ways of seeking assistance with getting help to resolve problems – A way to get assistance with resolving any problems could be to report them to either a colleague/manager to see if they have any advice on how it can be solved as they might have more e xperience. However if nobody could help you, you can also use the company’s website or internal intranet site to see if there is any guidance on there to solving any problem you may have.1.10 – Explain the purpose and benefits of recognising and learning from mistakes – The purpose of recognising and learning from mistakes it to make sure you don’t make them again, people will recognise the mistake and then will be in a position to try and correct it. Other people could also help to ensure that the same mistake isn’t made again by providing extra support. Also it is a lesson for the future, which can be taken away to  other places.

Pornography and Sexual Violence Essay

The class is social psychology. Please use proper headings, double spacing, 12 pt font, one-inch margins, page numbering, and logical flow from topic to topic. Citations may be from the Web, texts, books or scientific journals. Magazine and newspaper citations are generally unacceptable. Please be original with your own views. Being with a strong, creative, original thesis clearly stating what you are trying to show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography is a term utilized to depict the various sexual practices and desires to arouse the viewer sexually. It should also be clearly distinguished from the term ‘obscenity’.   Obscenity is frequently utilized legally to suggest pornographic material.   This material may be deemed as illegal if it crosses all the social barriers of decency and is liable for criminal punishment.   Sexual images of women can create a positive influence or a negative influence on man.   Women can be portrayed as objects of sex, pleasure, abuse and violence.   This has resulted in degradation of the status of women in the current world. Feminists throughout the world are objecting at the problems pornography has created for women.   During the early 1980’s, pornography became a huge feminist issue.   The political situation in the West was also changing during that period.   People began to feel the need for greater amount of freedom.   Several of the moral issues such as abortion, reproductive rights, sexuality, etc, began to be questioned.   Abortion began to be accepted giving the women greater amount of control over their body.   Today, women should be pure before the marriage and need to be loyal to their husbands during their married life. Marriage is a relationship in which sex is performed only for reproductive purposes and not for pleasure.   If a woman indulged in sex outside their marriage, it was considered to be a form of prostitution.   Frequently, women are forced into getting them photographed for creating pornographic material.   The pornographic industry throughout the world has turned out into a multibillion-dollar industry (about $ %6 billion), providing material in various forms including movies, internet, books, videos, etc (Malamuth et al, 2005, Utah State University, 2007 & Webb, 2007). Recently, there has been an increase in the number of cases of child abuse throughout the world.   The exact cause for this has not been understood clearly.   A study conducted by Knudsen does not show a direct relationship between sexual violence against children and pornography.   A thorough assessment was created using laboratory findings and case studies of those who had suffered from child sexual abuse.   It was found that child sexual abuse was only affected to a slight and indirect extent by pornography (Knudsen, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Frequently, people associate pornography with erotica.   However, there is a lot of difference between these two aspects.   Erotica is a situation of an intimate relationship between humans such that closeness, communication, intimacy and sexual arousal are felt.   Erotica utilize various symbols for communication and the feeling of interaction.   It could be considered to be one system of language or dialect.   Hence, erotica is usually shared between people belonging to close group, culture, religion, sect, ethnic community, etc. People belonging to other communities, sects, group, etc, would be unable to share and communicate with their partner.   Hence, the erotic appeal may not be present in such circumstances.   Erotica cannot mix with brutality.   To some extent erotica can vary from one taste to another.   Many people use the term erotica in order to demonstrate and applaud pornography.   However, both these terms need to be completely differentiated from one another.   Pornography is the misuse of women and children in the name of erotica. This misuse can be considered in two ways.   Firstly, a woman may be abused and forced into pornography through the erotica.   Besides, many of the female pornography material depict man dominating and abusing women and treating them as mere objects.   I do feel that pornography directly and indirectly creates a situation in which the woman is victimized.   This may further the chances of women getting sexually offended (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of the material available today on the internet and the print media has been generated by threatening women into certain acts that have not been expected.   For example, Linda Marchiano was threatened with a gun to perform several sexual acts in the film Deep Throat.   Today graphic material is available on the Internet of women being tortured, raped and victimized for the sake of sexual arousal.   I do feel that this may not create a sense of erotica but instead encourage violence and crime against women (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography has changed the entire concept of masculinity and femininity.   Earlier, these two genders were considered as complimentary to one another.   A woman was basically made to supplement the needs of man.   However, pornography has spoilt this relationship between man and woman.   Indirectly man is victimizing women in the name of pornography.   Men dominate women and children using pornographic material.   Man would try to conquer other sexually, and women would have to submit to the sexual needs of man.   In a husband-wife relationship, the wife would become the weaker party and the husband would become the stronger one. Once this domination is created, every chance exists for the man to abuse and ill-treat the woman.   Today pornography has been closely associated with male supremacy.   As pornography is becoming more and more common in today’s world, it is having a negative influence on the people.   Pornography touches upon male dominance, sexual inequality and sexual subordination.   Hence, people consider and use violence, force and domination as a part of sex.   This helps to spread terrorism and hatred amongst the population.   Today, people are unable to identify the thin line present between pornography and erotica (Utah State University, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography may influence the individual to various extents depending on the individual factors, the type of pornographic material, the extent to which the material causes sexual arousal, etc.   Studies have demonstrated that when children and adolescents are exposed to pornographic material, there are chances that these children on becoming adults would have perverted sexual tendencies. They may also perform violent acts in order to gain sexual gratification.   However, some studies have demonstrated that expose of the child or adolescent to a minimal amount of pornographic material during early age would help them to benefit later, as they would be aware of the sexual processes that occur in adults.   However, this area needs to be thoroughly researched further to determine the type of pornographic material and the extent to which they would benefit (Malamuth et al, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The World needs to change its attitude toward pornography.   To some extent individuals possessing certain characteristics may be exposed to a greater extent than others to pornographic material.   A study conducted by Malamuth et al (2005) demonstrated that men, who were exposed to material containing sexuality and violence against women, accepted these attacks secretly.   The acceptance was much greater in men who were exposed to pornographic material than those who were not.   Men who were exposed to media presentations of material, which glorified sexual attacks on women, developed aggressive attitudes towards women (Malamuth et al, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus it can be seen that pornographic material is harmful to the development of cordial relationships throughout the world between man and woman.   The effect of pornographic material varies depending on the culture, region of the world, sect, religion, etc.   Scientists should try to develop a method of determining the direct relationship that exists between pornography and sexual violence against women. The Internet may be a very useful resource for teenagers and students.   However, this resource could also be misused, as activity may be difficult to monitor.   It is high time for the law-enforcement agencies and parents to help control the activity of teenagers and students over the Internet.   The manner in which the child or teenagers utilizes the Internet plays a major role in the development of the personality and behavior later in life (Paul et al, 2005 & Bremer, 2005). References: Bremer, J. (2005). â€Å"The Internet and children: advantages and disadvantages.† Psychiatr Clin N Am, 14(3), 405-428. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g074414vx721x677/ Knudsen, D. D. (2005). â€Å"Child sexual abuse and pornography: Is there a relationship?† Journal of Family Violence, 3(4), 253-267. Malamuth, N., & Huppin, M. (2005). â€Å"Pornography and Teenagers: The Importance of Individual Differences.† Adol Med Clin, 16(2). Paul, B. & Bryant, J. A. (2005). â€Å"Adolescents and the Internet.† Adol Med Clin, 16(2). Utah State University (2007). â€Å"Lesson 10. Pornography, Violence, and the Law.† Retrieved on December 7, 2007, from Utah State University Web site: http://cc.usu.edu/~fath6/Gen5.htm Villani, V. S. (2005). â€Å"Media literacy for clinicians and parents.† Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 14(3), 523-553. Webb, E. (2007). â€Å"Pornography or Censorship-Silence or Choice?† Retrieved on December 7, 2007, from DSP Web site: http://www.dsp.org.au/dsp/porno.htm

10 Writing Tips for a Winning Web Site

10 Writing Tips for a Winning Web Site 10 Writing Tips for a Winning Web Site 10 Writing Tips for a Winning Web Site By Mark Nichol Some time ago, I posted some general guidelines for writing for an online audience. Here are some specific time-tested tips for attracting and keeping site visitors with clean, clear writing: 1. Keyword Top Labels Use keywords for window titles and taglines, and keep them sharp and succinct. These labels are for helping Internet users get to your site because they typed them into a search engine and your site came up in the results, not for wowing visitors when they get there (assuming they get there, because you’re not using keywords to help searchers). 2. Keyword Display Copy Employ keywords, not clever words, to begin headings, headlines, and link names, and keep the display copy brief. Most Web site visitors scan just the first one or two words of display copy. In â€Å"Where to Go on Vacation This Summer,† the first keyword appears as the fifth word of seven. (Go isn’t a keyword, because you don’t yet know what kind of going is involved.) â€Å"Summer-Vacation Destinations,† by contrast, gives you three keywords out of three, with the two most important ones in first and second place. This approach is especially advantageous for a commerce site, but your personal blog shouldn’t be any different (assuming you want to attract new site visitors, not just impress current ones). 3. Avoid All Capital Letters Don’t use all capital letters, even in display copy. All-cap text is harder to scan and to read. Do, however, use initial caps for headings and headlines. 4. Avoid Exclamation Points Unless your site is all about bringing the funny or attempting to do so don’t use exclamation points. (Another exception: if all the i’s are dotted with circles or hearts.) 5. Omit Extraneous Spaces or Punctuation All-cap initials and acronyms, of course, but don’t separate letters with word spaces or with periods. Omit apostrophes when attaching a plural s to such abbreviations. 6. Avoid Superfluous Headings Eschew headings and headlines like â€Å"Features† and â€Å"Links† for self-evident sections. 7. Make Navigation and Display Easy on the Eyes Make it easy to find other pages and archived content, and avoid making the home page and other pages busy in general. 8. Keyword Navigation Never use â€Å"Click here† or â€Å"More† (by itself) or â€Å"Next page† for a link name. Use keywords: â€Å"Archive,† â€Å"More Top 10 Lists,† â€Å"Ski Trip, Day 2.† 9. Limit Font and Background Styles Avoid multiple fonts, font sizes, font colors, and background colors. Use one font for display copy and another for running text. Limit italics to emphasis of words and short phrases. Employ boldface generously in display copy but sparingly in running text. 10. Write for First-Time Visitors If you want to attract a general readership, write for a general readership. Don’t dumb down, but do explain obscure terminology and do spell acronyms out. (You could provide a glossary, but briefly explaining, or spelling out, an unfamiliar term needn’t be distracting to either lay readers or experts.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewHow Do You Fare?

Population Statistics - Village of 100 People

Population Statistics - Village of 100 People If the world were a village of 100 people... 61 villagers would be Asian (of that, 20 would be Chinese and 17 would be Indian), 14 would be African, 11 would be European, 9 would be Latin or South American, 5 would be North American, and none of the villagers would be from Australia, Oceania, or Antarctica. At least 18 villagers would be unable to read or write but 33 would have cellular phones and 16 would be online on the Internet. 27 villagers would be under 15 years of age and 7 would be over 64 years old. There would be an equal number of males and females. There would be 18 cars in the village. 63 villagers would have inadequate sanitation. 33 villagers would be Christians, 20 would be Muslims, 13 would be Hindus, 6 would be Buddhists, 2 would be atheists, 12 would be non-religious, and the remaining 14 would be members of other religions. 30 villagers would be unemployed or underemployed while of those 70 who would work, 28 would work in agriculture (primary sector), 14 would work in industry (secondary sector), and the remaining 28 would work in the service sector (tertiary sector). 53 villagers would live on less than two U.S. dollars a day. One villager would have AIDS, 26 villagers would smoke, and 14 villagers would be obese. By the end of a year, one villager would die and two new villagers would be born so thus the population would climb to 101.

How to Teach Private English Lessons Successfully

How to Teach Private English Lessons Successfully Teaching one-to-one can help improve your teaching salary, and give you some flexibility in scheduling. Of course, teaching one-to-one has its drawbacks as well. Heres a quick rundown on the art of teaching English one-to-one, as well as some strategies and tips to help you get started or improve your  one-to-one teaching skills. Before You Get Started Before you begin teaching  one-to-one youll need to do a needs analysis to be effective. Performing a needs analysis for a new student can be a simple as having a conversation about what the student would like to cover, or as complicated as asking the student to fill out a questionnaire. However you go about delivering your needs analysis, understand that many students dont necessarily know what their needs are. English learners who havent studied in an academic setting for years might say something along the lines of I need to learn English. and leave it at that. Here are the basic questions and tasks you should ask or perform for a basic English learning needs analysis for  one-to-one teaching: Doing a Needs Analysis Have a short conversation in English to warm things up. If you speak the local language you might want to begin in the learners native tongue, but switch to English as soon as possible. This will give you a feel for the basic level. Ask why the English learner wishes to have  one-to-one teaching. If she is hesitant, make suggestions: work, travel, general interest in learning the global language of choice, etc. Based on the answer to this question, dig a little deeper. If your  one-to-one client wants to learn English for work, ask about specific tasks they need to perform in English (feel free to switch language if you speak it). If the client wants to improve English for travel, find out where they are traveling, what they plan to do there, etc. Ask if theyve studied English before. When was the last time they studied? Have they ever taken a test such as the TOEFL, FCE, etc.? Provide a quick listening and reading comprehension exercise to get a feel for their comprehension skills and vocabulary. If possible use the Internet to fish something out based on their responses to your previous questions. The closer you get to their interests, the better youll understand their true comprehension capabilities. Provide a short writing task if they need English for work or studies. If possible, give them a quick grammar review quiz. Planning One-to-One Lessons Once youve provided a needs analysis, you can decide on specific outcomes for your lessons. State clearly what you expect your one-to-one student will be able to do by the end of your sessions together. Once the student understands the specific goals youve outlined, and agreed to these goals, planning your lessons will become much easier. Make sure these outcomes are specific. Here are some examples: Instead of Improve listening skills: Improve comprehension skills at conferences by focusing on language commonly used in presentations.Instead of Improve grammar: Improve grammar in written communications such as emails and memos. Focus on better use of tenses to describe past situations, etc.Instead of Practice English for travel: Become comfortable with a wide range of expected shopping experiences. The bottom line is that the more specific you can make your lessons to the individual learner, the happier your  one-to-one students will be. Eventually, this will lead to lots of referrals. Advantages of One to One English Teaching One-to-one  teaching can take place based on your schedule. Youll develop an extensive understanding of tailoring lesson to individual needs. You can also focus on the type of learning that best fits students learning styles (i.e. multiple intelligences are much easier to teach in a  one-to-one setting) Referrals - if you do well, people will be asking for you. Most importantly: you can make better earnings than most language schools can offer. Disadvantages of One-to-One English Teaching Students might cancel at the last second. Make sure you create some rules (i.e. cancellations must occur at least 24 hrs before scheduled lessons) that will protect both your time and the goals of the student. Also, you might have to travel all over town if you decide to provide one to one teaching at places of work/home. This may have its own set of costs. One-to-one  teaching is illegal in some countries (South Korea, for example) and some schools frown on  one-to-one teaching on your own. Learn the rules ahead of time to save yourself a headache!

Introduction of television to Australia in 1956 Essay

Introduction of television to Australia in 1956 - Essay Example Between 1953 and 1954, the royal commission was put in place to handle different issues such as; to give an adequate report on the total number of the commercial television stations that could be established and operated effectively in the whole nation. It was also suppose to give a clear outline on the standards required in different programs so that the television broadcasting could be used in an appropriate manner for the sake of the public interest. In Australia, the television was new and everything that took place on it was also new. Most of the first shows that took place in the Australian television were mainly from different radio shows. Among the early broadcasts were; different events on sports, news concerning the current affairs, game shows and other different shows which had been acquired from overseas (Allen and Hill, 2004 p. 56). When television was first introduced, few individuals had television sets as compared to the current situation. Hence, most individuals woul d gather in different places such friends or family member’s homes who owned televisions so as to watch news and various programs. In some cases, individuals would even gather in streets in order to watch televisions from different stores. The new technology gained popularity within a short period. The change was felt by other different business in Australia within the first year of television launching. Most individuals in the country opted to remain indoors in the evening to watch television instead of socializing with friends. Cinemas located in different parts of the country had to be closed and in the transport sector, several taxis operators realized most people were no longer using their services. The lifestyle of Australians was transformed significantly in just one year. In Australia the research on television history is viewed as being undeveloped as compared to that the film and the radio. Before the establishment of the television in Sydney and Melbourne in 1956, significant debate concerning the television’s cultural values and capabilities had been conducted. This debate had great influence on the nature and the regulatory framework of operation of the Australian television. Several arguments which took place clearly portrayed different attitudes which still remain in the country’s public debate today. The public discussions of television mainly focused on the appropriate forms of ownership and control, and the possible television virtues and vices (Andrews and Curtis, 1998 p.43). Majority of the individuals, who took part in the discussion concerning the television and the future of the new technology in Australia, had not had a chance to see it. Different cultural bodies, public interest groups and those with commercial interest participated actively in defining the television system. The main issue in the debate was whether the television services should be introduced in Australia; whether the television system should be o wned publicly or privately or both; the degree of government agencies control on the privately owned system; and whether the Australian-made television material would be accorded protection against the imported material. Most of the debated issues concerning ownership control and regulation focused mainly on the cultural questions. The government consideration of the television introduction was first conducted with the joint parliamentary committee who were appointed by the Menzies government. The report of the committee was of great importance especially for the public regulation of the media. The committee dealt with the witnesses of the future TV, among these was witnesses from the electronic equipment manufacturers. They also heard other views from the radio broadcasting and the Postmaster

Restrucure education for creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Restrucure education for creativity - Essay Example Like earlier efforts to build canals, railroads, highways, and other physical infrastructure to power industrial growth, the United States today needs to massively increase its public and private investments in human infrastructure (Florida, 2007). Today's era demands substantial assistance in educating and training people from the initial stage up to the higher stages of learning making good education as an avenue for the enhancement of human creativity. Various learning institutions must be a motivating force in boosting the full potentials and creative capacities of students in fulfilling not only basic human rights but also the dictates of the economy. We all know that experience is the best teacher, especially experience with the guidance of God; Florida asserts "Learned by doing" and it is true among students rich with an ocean of ideas and concepts. Transforming these students into skilled and talented persons may preserve the national economic competitiveness. Universities are the heart of the Creative Economy. America's strong university system is the source of much of our best scientific, social, and creative leadership. However our concept of what university must be is limited, yet still it serves as the laboratories of new research and technology of modern society (Florida, 2007). A university is a natural source of ethnic, socioeconomic, a... Principle 6: The University as Creative Hub Universities are the heart of the Creative Economy. America's strong university system is the source of much of our best scientific, social, and creative leadership. However our concept of what university must be is limited, yet still it serves as the laboratories of new research and technology of modern society (Florida, 2007). A university is a natural source of ethnic, socioeconomic, and cultural diversity. A student may get pleasure from learning seeing the positive perspective of multicultural diversity; sharing and exploring language and cultural differences adds life and vigor to students' creative minds. Students' skills are avenues in learning; whether it is singing, dancing, gymnastics, games, physical education or sports. Sports contribute much in encouraging students' learning ability; teaching students through rigid disciple. Developing these skills may contribute not only academically but also economically. Enhancing these skills to Olympics level may carry prestige and honor not only for the society alone but for the whole country. "Rigorous teaching of literacy and genuine creativity can be mutually supportive: good literature at the heart of the primary curriculum provides an essential basis for both." - Information provided by Miles Tandy,Warwickshire Advisory Services The Dilemma In other country, The Commons education committee warns that creativity is a "second-order priority". Labour MP Barry Sheerman said that the funding structure "suggests that creativity is a 'second-order priority'" for the department for Children, Schools and Families (DSCF). He further noted that, "schools were enthusiastic about the benefits of creativity - but

Director of health information management Case Study

Director of health information management - Case Study Example This particular activity is greatly influenced by health policies that the original contract agreement is usually affected. For instance, the issue on the cost of photocopying health information has been greatly changed by these policies and legislature created to shape this activity. In the creation of these laws, all government branches have significant roles to play. However, the executive and the judiciary carry the most significant responsibility in the creation of this cap. The executive has the responsibility of creating the original structure of the cap (Johns, 2000). From these provisions, all health units are provided with specific instructions under which to operate. The executive will also have the responsibility of researching and coming up with the best recommendations to create these policies (LaTour, 2006). On the other hand, the judiciary has the responsibility of ensuring that the laws created by the executive are adhered to. It is also under the jurisdiction of the court to handle any amendments to the created policies. With the significant power the courts have, the fully implementation of these laws are greatly under the influence of the performance on the judiciary system on this particular case (LaTour, 2006). All organizations are required by the law to adhere to the provisions of the law. However, if the organization is discontent with the specifications of this policy then it may use the judiciary to change the contentious clauses. Minus the help and consideration of the judiciary system health organization may have less significant role to play in the creation of this particular legislation (Fuller & Callahan,

Social, Economic, And Political Changes Caused By Globalization Essay

Social, Economic, And Political Changes Caused By Globalization - Essay Example Global wealth is currently shifting from less heavily populated American and European regions to the more heavily populated Asian region because of globalization. According to Lieber and Weisberg (2002, p.274), globalization helps people all over the world in the creation of a stronger and stable world. Supporters of globalization believe that globalization benefits the world through the promotion of such ideas like human rights, democracy, and freedom and that it enhances the success of the world through free trade, free investment, and better technology. According to Dharam Ghai (2003), free market and private enterprise are extremely important in determining the success of globalization. Cross-cultural businesses have been increased a lot as a result of globalization. Imports and exports between different countries were also increased because of the liberalized rules affected in many countries as part of globalization. Despite all these arguments in favor of globalization, some pe ople believe that globalization is nothing but imperialism. It should be noted that imperialism is the process of taking over of a weaker nation by a stronger nation (What is imperialism, n.d.). Critics of globalization believe that capitalist countries like America and UK are trying to loot the wealth of developing and underdeveloped countries in the name of globalization. Globalization is labeled as Americanization by the opponents. They pointed out that instead of globalization, glocalization is necessary for a country to progress properly. It should be noted that glocalization is the process of integrating local markets into world capitalism. It refers to a concept in which individual, group, organization, product or service upholds the local standards even while operating internationally.

Enthalpy of Neutralisation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enthalpy of Neutralisation - Lab Report Example As a matter of fact, this variation is attributed to the fact that when a strong acid is used, full ionization takes place while with a weak acid; ionization is incomplete (Jarvis, 2011). In this experiment, NaOH is mixed with HCL and later with CH3COOH. Place 500 mL of water into the calorimeter and add 150 mL of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide. Measure 160 mL (an excess) of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid into a 400 mL beaker. Start the stopwatch and stir the two solutions with separate stirring rods and measure their temperatures (use separate thermometers) at 30 s intervals as above. (DO NOT stir the solutions with the thermometers.) After 5 min (do not reset timer to zero) rapidly, but quantitatively, pour the HCl into the calorimeter. Replace the stopper. Continue stirring and record the temperature of the reaction mixture at 30 s intervals for the next 5 min. After the experiment is completed, test the solution with two drops of phenolphthalein. If the reaction mixture is alkaline, insufficient acid has been added and the results are worthless † start again. The first part of the experiment is about reactions between fully ionized strong acids and strong bases and the sole real chemical change is formation of water molecule from hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. This is given as follows, Evidently, the reaction between NaOH and HCL yields a higher enthalpy of neutralization as compared to the reaction between NaOH and CH3COOH. This is attributed to the fact that the enthalpy of neutralization of a NaOH with a HCL involves complete ionization of the dilute aqueous solutions and hence the reaction involves higher energy. In the case of CH3COOH, while NaOH undergoes complete ionization, CH3COOH only partly ionizes and as a result the enthalpy of neutralization is lower. There are various methods used in measurement of such heat. Initially measurements were premised on simple thermometric

Economic Theories of Adam Smith Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Theories of Adam Smith - Research Paper Example Economic Theories of Adam Smith This report will discuss different economic theories by Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher. Adam Smith is the founder of a free-market capitalism. He is also the father of modern classical economics and a proponent of laissez faire economic policies. His arguments against mercantilism made him the father of modern economics. The Scottish philosopher spent many years teaching and publishing some of his lectures in the â€Å"Theory of Moral Sentiments† in 1759. The material gained ground and laid the foundation for the publication of â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† in 1776 which cemented Smith’s place in history. However, many critics note that in his time Smith did not ‘invent’ the ideas he wrote about. He only popularized the ideas that became known as classical economy. Using his work other economists solidified the theories of classical economy which became dominant during the time of great depression or the global economic crisis. The report will als o compare the current economic system with Smith’s and conclude whether he would agree with current policies of today if he was alive. Production Theory From the economists’ point of view, production simply means the creation of goods and services which consumers will buy. Companies are the units of production, and they convert input into output through a transformation process (Kurz & Salvadori, 1995). The theory of production then consists of how a company chooses and combines various inputs to produce an output at a given level in the most efficient manner. The assumption is that decision making is done with the view of maximizing profits. Production is all about creation of wealth which in turn adds to the society’s welfare. Resources are limited and must be efficiently utilized to create the maximum possible welfare. There are different inputs or resources of the society used in the production process. These inputs or resources are the factors of production . Adam Smith identified three factors of production which are land, labor and capital. In the economics the definition of land refers to all the natural resources which are used in production. The land notion includes farming and building land, forests, rivers, lakes, and mineral deposits. Therefore, land does not mean a piece of earth. Labor attributes to both mental and physical efforts used in the production of goods and services. Labor is distinct in that it is the services of labor that are bought and sold. Labor is also unique because it is the reason why economic activity takes place. The supply of labor is measured by the number of hours of work which is offered at a given wage rate over a given period of time (Kurz & Salvadori, 1995). Capital is a man-made input and can be classified as working or circulating capital referring to stocks of raw materials, partly finished goods, and finished goods held by producers. Alternatively, it can be classified as fixed capital which c onsists of all the equipment used in production. The aspect of specialization is important in the production process. It refers to the concentration of activity in those lines of production where the company or an individual has some natural or acquired advantage. Adam Smith drew attention to the importance of the labor division in his book â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†. He was fundamentally concerned with the division of labor of a particular industry

Enthalpy of Neutralisation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enthalpy of Neutralisation - Lab Report Example As a matter of fact, this variation is attributed to the fact that when a strong acid is used, full ionization takes place while with a weak acid; ionization is incomplete (Jarvis, 2011). In this experiment, NaOH is mixed with HCL and later with CH3COOH. Place 500 mL of water into the calorimeter and add 150 mL of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide. Measure 160 mL (an excess) of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid into a 400 mL beaker. Start the stopwatch and stir the two solutions with separate stirring rods and measure their temperatures (use separate thermometers) at 30 s intervals as above. (DO NOT stir the solutions with the thermometers.) After 5 min (do not reset timer to zero) rapidly, but quantitatively, pour the HCl into the calorimeter. Replace the stopper. Continue stirring and record the temperature of the reaction mixture at 30 s intervals for the next 5 min. After the experiment is completed, test the solution with two drops of phenolphthalein. If the reaction mixture is alkaline, insufficient acid has been added and the results are worthless † start again. The first part of the experiment is about reactions between fully ionized strong acids and strong bases and the sole real chemical change is formation of water molecule from hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. This is given as follows, Evidently, the reaction between NaOH and HCL yields a higher enthalpy of neutralization as compared to the reaction between NaOH and CH3COOH. This is attributed to the fact that the enthalpy of neutralization of a NaOH with a HCL involves complete ionization of the dilute aqueous solutions and hence the reaction involves higher energy. In the case of CH3COOH, while NaOH undergoes complete ionization, CH3COOH only partly ionizes and as a result the enthalpy of neutralization is lower. There are various methods used in measurement of such heat. Initially measurements were premised on simple thermometric

Improving Business to Business Marketing in TCL Business Research Paper

Improving Business to Business Marketing in TCL Business - Research Paper Example Over the past two years, most small and medium businesses have been badly impacted by the recent economic downturn with TCL not having been spared from the impact. During this period most businesses are cutting costs in order to remain competitive in the business, this grossly affects TCL’s business as its revenue stream is mostly reliant on the marketing budgets that companies set. Over the past year, with reduced business, TCL recorded a drop in revenue by 25%, and the business is increasingly finding it hard to get new business and establish new clients. It is imperative that TCL make a change to its current business to business marketing. In view of this, this business report analyses and addresses various aspects of a business to business marketing that TCL needs to address in order to be able to efficiently meet its objectives. In doing so, the report will focus on how TCL can restructure its marketing mix, how the business networks and relationships impact TCL’s business, how it can rearrange its sales team for effective impact at low cost. With the recession, most of TCL customers are cutting back on their marketing spending. As can be noted from TCL’s product portfolio, TCL gives precedence to offline business marketing using tools such as radio and television for their clients. The very nature of such advertising means being expensive implies that TCL is losing a lot of money in this area. Since TCL also offers other marketing services such as online marketing, it is important for the company to explore its product portfolio and see how it can restructure it well enough for the business that is focused on cost-cutting. Trends in the recession show that more companies which are cutting costs are tending towards online marketing not only because it is cheaper, but because of the reasoning that most end consumers being thrifty during these periods also tend to go online in search of better and cheaper deals (Chlebisova, et al, 2011:1 234-1236). Indeed Court (2009:71) note that key advertising tools that most companies use for advertising and marketing during the recession are the use of the internet, mobile devices and the social networking which are far cheaper and much more effective in a recession-stricken economy. Most companies prefer to use a combination of these with traditional media (Bulearca, & Bulearca, 2010).

Discoveries And Inventions In Fundamental Sciences History Essay

Discoveries And Inventions In Fundamental Sciences History Essay There is a general concept that the sciences are exclusively the products of Western minds. Review of any standard book or encyclopedias regarding the history of science makes evident that the only contributors are Europeans and/or Americans. The most oft-mentioned names are Kepler, Galileo, Copernicus, Bacon, Da Vinci, Franklin, Newton, Benjamin etc. Thus it is made unavoidable to conclude the major contributions to the development of the modern sciences by other cultures are minimal. The advancements made by ancient Chinese, Indian or particularly, Muslim scholars are hardly mentioned in most standard books and literature. Although Western civilization has made many invaluable contributions to the development of the sciences however, so have numerous other cultures. Unfortunately, Westerners have long been credited with discoveries that were made by muslims scientists many centuries before. Thus, many of the basic sciences were invented by non-Europeans. For instance, George Sarton states that modern Western medicine did not originate from Europe and that it actually arose from the (Islamic) orient. inShare91 515 points on reddit Major Inventions of Muslim Scientists: A number of inventions and discoveries were made by the Muslim scientists throughout the history. Muslim geographers and navigators learned the use of magnetic needle, from the Chinese, and were the first to use magnetic needles in navigation. Muslims invented the compass and its use in navigation, which was later on passed to the West. European navigators relied on Muslim pilots and their instruments while exploring the unknown territories. Gustav Le Bon claims that the magnetic needle and compass were the inventions of Muslims. The Chinese, probably learned of it from Muslim traders. It is noteworthy that after the interaction with the Muslims during the 8th century the Chinese improved their navigational expertise. Ibn Firnas a Muslim scientist of Islamic Spain invented, constructed and tested a flying machine in the 800s A.D. Roger Bacon learned of flying machines from Arabic references to Ibn Firnas machine. According to Will Durant, Ibn Firnas of Islamic Spain, invented a watch-like device in 9th century, which kept accurate time. The Muslims also constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their observatories. As early as the 9th century A.D Muslim mathematicians, the inventors of algebra, introduced the concept of using letters for unknown variables in equations. They solved a variety of complex equations through this system, including quadratic and cubic equations. They used symbols to develop and perfect the binomial theorem. Thabit bin Qurrah was among the first Mathematicians of the Islamic Empire who accomplished this precisely this as early as the 9th century A.D, and he was followed by Abul Wafa, whose 10th century book utilized algebra to advance geometry into an exact and simplified science. In the 9th century Muslim astronomers made numerous improvements upon Ptolemys findings. They were the first astronomers to dispute his archaic ideas. They produced hundreds of highly accurate astronomical tables and star charts. Many of their calculations are so precise that they are regarded as contemporary. Copies of works on astronomy the Alphonsine Tables was transmitted to Europe via Islamic Spain, i.e. the Toledo Tables. In their critic of the Greeks, Muslims synthesized proof that the sun is the center of the solar system and that the orbits of other planets and the earth might be elliptical. During the 9th century the Muslim physician originated the science of pharmacology and was developed into a highly refined and exact science. Muslim chemists, pharmacists and physicians produced thousands of drugs and/or crude herbal extracts one thousand years prior to the supposed birth of pharmacology. During the 9th century, eyeglasses were invented by Ibn Firnas of Islamic Spain and they were manufactured and sold throughout Spain for over two centuries. Any mention of eyeglasses by Roger Bacon was simply a regurgitation of the work of al-Haytham (d. 1039), whose research Bacon frequently referred to. During the 8th through 15th centuries, Muslim geographers produced untold volumes of books on the geography of Africa, Asia, India, China and the Indies. These writings included the worlds first geographical encyclopedias, almanacs and road maps. The 14th century masterpieces of Ibn Battutah provide a detailed view of the geography of the ancient world. The science of ethnography was invented by the Muslim scholars of the 9th through 14th centuries. A number of Muslim geographers classified the races, writing detailed explanations of their physical appearances and unique cultural habits. Blumenbachs works were insignificant in comparison. Muslim physicians used a variety of specific substances to destroy microbes. They applied sulfur topically specifically to kill the scabies mite. Ar-Razi (10th century) used mercurial compounds as topical antiseptics. During the 9th and 10th centuries, the Venetians learned of the art of fine glass production from Syrian artisans. Glass mirrors were in use in Islamic Spain as early as the 11th century. Ibn Yunus al-Masri discovered the pendulum in the 10th century, and was the first to study and document its oscillatory motion. Its value for use in clocks was introduced by Muslim physicists during the 15th century. Muslim mathematicians as early as the 10th century solved numerous equations of even higher degrees with ease. Binomial theorem was utilized and perfected for its use in the systematic solution of algebraic problems by hundreds of the Muslim mathematicians. In the 10th century numerous Muslim chemists produced medicinal-grade alcohol through the process of distillation and manufactured the first distillation devices on a large scale for use in chemistry. They used alcohol as a solvent and antiseptic. The prophet Muhammad wisely warned against entering or leaving a region suffering from plague thus introducing the concept of quarantine for the very first time in the 7th century A.D. later in the 10th century, Muslim physicians innovated the use of isolation wards for individuals suffering with communicable diseases. As early as the 10th century, Muslim physicians and surgeons of 10th century used to apply purified alcohol to wounds as an antiseptic agent. In Islamic Spain surgeons utilized special methods for maintaining antisepsis prior to and during surgery. The origin of specific protocols for maintaining hygiene during the post-operative period raised the success rate so high that dignitaries throughout Europe came to Cordova, Spain, to be treated at what was comparably the Mayo Clinic of the Middle Ages. Islams ar-Razi wrote an in-depth treatise on the venous system, accurately describing the function of the veins and their valves in the 10th century. Timeline of Muslim Scientists from 700 900 AD: 8th century: 700s [petroleum; civil engineering] In Baghdad the streets were constructed and paved with tar, coming from the petroleum that oozed in natural oil fields in the region.   700s 800s [cosmetics] In Spain a beauty institute was started by Ziryab (Blackbird). 740 828 Al-Amai, Zoology, Botany, Animal husbandry.   770 840 [mathematics] The Calculus of resolution and juxtaposition (hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala), more briefly referred to as al-jabr, or algebra, was developed by Kharazmi, Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all be treated as algebraic objects. It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before.   Al-Khwarizmis successors undertook a systematic application of arithmetic to algebra, algebra to arithmetic, both to trigonometry, algebra to the Euclidean theory of numbers, algebra to geometry, and geometry to algebra. This was how the creation of polynomial algebra, combinatorial analysis, numerical analysis, the numerical solution of equations, the new elementary theory of numbers, and the geometric construction of equations arose.   Late 700s 800 [musical science] Mansour Zalzal of Kufa was a musician (luth) and composer of the Abbasid era. Contributed musical scales that were later named after him (the Mansouri scale) and introduced positions (intervals) within scales such as the wasati-zalzal that was equidistant from the alwasati alqadima and wasati al-fors who made improvements on the design of the luth instrument and designed the Luth. In 715 800 [chemistry] The Muslim chemist, Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan), is considered the father of chemistry, for introducing the experimental scientific method for chemistry, such as alembic, still, retort, pure distillation, liquefaction, crystallisation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation, and filtration. He was the first chemist known to produce sulfuric acid, as well as many other laboratory instruments and chemical substances. His works include The elaboration of the Grand Elixir, The chest of wisdom in which he writes on nitric acid, Kitab al-Istitmam (translated to Latin later as Summa Perfectionis), and many others.   715 800 [alchemy] Geber, introduced the first theories on the transmutation of metals, the philosophers stone, and the artificial creation of life in the laboratory.   715 800 [glass] Geber added colour to glass by introducing small quantities of metallic oxides to the glass, such as manganese dioxide (magnesia). This was a new advancement in the glass industry unknown in antiquity.   9th century: 800 868 [biology, zoology, linguistics, language,] Amr ibn Bahr al-Jahiz wrote a number of works on zoology, lexicography, rhetoric, and Arabic grammar. In his most famous book the Book of Animals, he was the first to discuss food chains, and environmental determinism by arguing that the environment can determine the physical characteristics of the inhabitants in a certain community he also stated that the origins of different colors of human skin is the result of the environment. The struggle for existence and the theory of evolution by natural selection was first discussed by him. 800 873 Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (Latinized, Alkindus.) was an expert in Optics, Metallurgy, Cryptography, Medicine, Mathematics, Physics and Philosophy. He worked at the House of Wisdom which was set up in 810. He introduces quantification into medicine in his book De Gradibus.   In 810 the works of Greek and Indian scientists on astronomy and mathematics were translated into Arabic in Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) which was set up in Baghdad. 820 [mathematics] Mahani (full name Abu Abdollah Muhammad ibn Isa Mahani in Arabic Al-Mahani). Conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to algebraic problems.   836 901 [anatomy; astronomy; mathematics; mechanics] Born Thabit Ibn Qurra (Latinized, Thebit.) made considerable contributions in mathematics particularly in number theory and geometry while studying at Baghdads House of Wisdom under the Banu Musa brothers. He discovered the theorem by which pairs of amicable numbers can be found; i.e., two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other. Later, al-Baghdadi (b. 980) and al-Haytham (born 965) developed variants of the theorem.   838 870 Tabari (full name: Ali ibn Sahl Rabban Al-Tabari) made many contributions in Calligraphy, Mathematics, Literature, and Medicine.   In mid 800s [chemistry] Al-Kindi gave 107 recipes for making perfumes and also wrote on the distillation of wine as that of rose water, in his book Kitab Kimia al-`otoor wa al-tas`eedat (book of the chemistry of perfumes and distillations).   850 930 [mathematics] Abu Kamil of Egypt (full name, Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja) made an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karajis time not using the symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what should be written in symbols. 852 [aviation, flight] Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) made the first successful parachute fall near CÃÆ' ³rdoba, Spain using a huge wing-like cloak. 858 929 [astronomy mathematics] Al-Battani (Albategnius) made valuable works on astronomy, trigonometry etc.   860 Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus) was master in Civil engineering and Astronomy. 864 930 [chemistry; medicine] Al-Razi (Rhazes) studied Astronomy, Chemistry, Medicine, Ophthalmology and Smallpox. He wrote on Naft (naphta or petroleum) and its distillates in his book Kitab sirr al-asrar (book of the secret of secrets). When choosing a site to build Baghdads hospital, he hung pieces of fresh meat in different parts of the city and selected the location where the meat took the longest to rot, for building the hospital. He also suggested that patients must not be told about their real condition so that fear or despair may not affect the healing process. His notable works were on soap, alkali, caustic soda, and glycerine. He also gave the descriptions of equipment, processes and methods for their preparation in his book Kitab al-Asrar (book of secrets) in 925.   870 950 Al-Farabi (Al-Pharabius) wrote on early Islamic philosophy, logic in Islamic philosophy, Muslim sociology, musical science and political science. In   875 [aviation, flight] Abbas Ibn Firnas made the first flight in a hang glider with artificial wings, but his landing was unsuccessful. He also worked on mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, and Artificial Crystals. Ibn Firnas was the first to investigate the means of flight.   800s [chemistry; petroleum] Oilfields in Baku, Azerbaijan, generated commercial activities and industry. These oilfields, were wells dug to get the Naft (or naphta, or crude petroleum) these were described by geographer Masudi in the 10th century and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.   10th century: 900s [mathematics; accounting] By this century, three systems of counting were used in the Arab world. First was the Finger-reckoning arithmetic, in this system the numerals were written entirely in words this system was used by the business community. Second was the sexagesimal system, originated by the Babylonians, in this system the numerals were denoted by letters of the arabic alphabet it was used by Arab mathematicians in astronomical work. The third was the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which was used with various sets of symbols. Arithmetic of this system required the use of a dust board (a sort of handheld blackboard) because the methods required moving of numbers in the calculation and rubbing some out as the calculation proceeded. Later these methods were modified by Al-Uqlidisi (born 920) for pen and paper use. Eventually the advances enabled the decimal system to be used throughout the world in its standard form.  

The Sociology of Scientific Knowledge Essay examples -- Sociology Essay

Sociology of Scientific Knowledge is a relatively new addition to sociology, emerging only several decades ago in the late 1970’s, and focuses on the theories and methods of science. It is seen as a notable success within the fields of sociology and sociology of science. In its infancy, SSK was primarily a British academic endeavor. These days, it is studied and practiced all over the world, with heavy influences in Germany, Scandinavia, Israel, the Netherlands, France, Australia, and North America. David Hess tells us that in science, a black box is any device for which the input and output are specified but the internal mechanisms are not. â€Å"Sometimes the study of this content is described as ‘opening a black box’† (Whitley 1972). Advocates of SSK have criticized the Institutional Sociology of Science of leaving a black box of content unopened, and examining only the exogenous, institutional aspects of science and technology. Traditionally, studying the content of science from a sociological perspective had been very controversial. Hess tells us that one way to characterize this study of the content of science and technology is with constructivism. He succinctly boils down the term and designates it as any approach which attempts to trace the incidences which shape the content of science and technology. However Hess also notes that â€Å"one can analyze the social factors that influence the content of scientific knowledge or technological design and yet also conclude that the constraints of observations or efficacy (the real world) play an equal or greater shaping role in what eventually becomes the consensus.† To understand this idea further, we can look at the term â€Å"social constructivism.† In simple terms, these are studies which ... ..., symmetry and impartiality. Collins argues that by studying scientific controversies one can determine how scientific knowledge is created, disseminated, and validated. There are three main components of the EPOR: Interpretive flexibility where the results of scientific experiments can be interpreted in different ways. Closure mechanisms where debates in science are not closed strictly on the basis of evidence, as this evidence is contested, rather microsociological factors close debates. And the third component implies that microsociological factors can, in principle, be linked to macrosociological factors. Works Cited Collins, H.M. 1981 Introduction: Stages in the Empirical Programme of Relativism, Social Studies of Science pp. 3-10 Sismondo, S. 2004 An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies Hess, D. 1997 Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction The Sociology of Scientific Knowledge Essay examples -- Sociology Essay Sociology of Scientific Knowledge is a relatively new addition to sociology, emerging only several decades ago in the late 1970’s, and focuses on the theories and methods of science. It is seen as a notable success within the fields of sociology and sociology of science. In its infancy, SSK was primarily a British academic endeavor. These days, it is studied and practiced all over the world, with heavy influences in Germany, Scandinavia, Israel, the Netherlands, France, Australia, and North America. David Hess tells us that in science, a black box is any device for which the input and output are specified but the internal mechanisms are not. â€Å"Sometimes the study of this content is described as ‘opening a black box’† (Whitley 1972). Advocates of SSK have criticized the Institutional Sociology of Science of leaving a black box of content unopened, and examining only the exogenous, institutional aspects of science and technology. Traditionally, studying the content of science from a sociological perspective had been very controversial. Hess tells us that one way to characterize this study of the content of science and technology is with constructivism. He succinctly boils down the term and designates it as any approach which attempts to trace the incidences which shape the content of science and technology. However Hess also notes that â€Å"one can analyze the social factors that influence the content of scientific knowledge or technological design and yet also conclude that the constraints of observations or efficacy (the real world) play an equal or greater shaping role in what eventually becomes the consensus.† To understand this idea further, we can look at the term â€Å"social constructivism.† In simple terms, these are studies which ... ..., symmetry and impartiality. Collins argues that by studying scientific controversies one can determine how scientific knowledge is created, disseminated, and validated. There are three main components of the EPOR: Interpretive flexibility where the results of scientific experiments can be interpreted in different ways. Closure mechanisms where debates in science are not closed strictly on the basis of evidence, as this evidence is contested, rather microsociological factors close debates. And the third component implies that microsociological factors can, in principle, be linked to macrosociological factors. Works Cited Collins, H.M. 1981 Introduction: Stages in the Empirical Programme of Relativism, Social Studies of Science pp. 3-10 Sismondo, S. 2004 An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies Hess, D. 1997 Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction

Ottomans 10th Grade :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the Ottoman Empire is to understand a power mightier than even that of the Roman's. It is a look back at not only boundaries and war, but an entire civilization all of its own. A civilization so advanced that it consumed land from the Danube River in Europe to the Deserts of the Arabian Plains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ottoman power was to be realized in by the first Ottoman leader, Osman. He was one of the few leaders to dear attack the Byzantine Empire. Osman was able to turn nomadic tribes, Arabs, and Persians fleeing the Mongols, into a fierce army of well-trained soldiers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The notoriety of the Ottomans would be felt in 1326. By this point, the raiding of Christians in Above: A portrait during the early 14th century of Osman leading his people to a victory against the Byzantines. The Byzantine lands had led to and escalation of power amongst the Ottomans. It was time to strike directly at the Byzantines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the 1320's - 30's, the Ottomans captured much of the Byzantine lands, leaving all but Constantinople and some lands in Europe. After Osman had led a small kingdom to become an empire, his sons would rule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To preserve their throne, the Byzantines cut a deal to allow the Ottomans a share of the lands in the Europe. Still, by the campaign against the Byzantines, the Ottomans dealt a great deal of damage to the Christians in the west, and success to the Turks in the east.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ottomans continued to press into Kosovo and Eastern Europe under the control of Murad I. After he exploited the Murad I led the Ottomans to one of their great focal points by capturing land in Europe and conquering the Byzantines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next on the assencion of sultans was Bayazid. He was a sultan with great intentions. With the western lands stable at the moment, it was time to again press into Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and the Arab lands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His attempts, as a Muslim leader, to conquer Muslim lands offended many soldiers in his own ranks. The Christians in Ottoman Europe, who were invaded by Muslims, however, were more than glad to return the favor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With The Christians doing his dirty work for him, his reign soon fell. He died as a prisoner in Anatolia due to insurgents and rebels in his land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sultan Muhammad I, however, came in time to get control re-established. Ottomans 10th Grade :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the Ottoman Empire is to understand a power mightier than even that of the Roman's. It is a look back at not only boundaries and war, but an entire civilization all of its own. A civilization so advanced that it consumed land from the Danube River in Europe to the Deserts of the Arabian Plains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ottoman power was to be realized in by the first Ottoman leader, Osman. He was one of the few leaders to dear attack the Byzantine Empire. Osman was able to turn nomadic tribes, Arabs, and Persians fleeing the Mongols, into a fierce army of well-trained soldiers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The notoriety of the Ottomans would be felt in 1326. By this point, the raiding of Christians in Above: A portrait during the early 14th century of Osman leading his people to a victory against the Byzantines. The Byzantine lands had led to and escalation of power amongst the Ottomans. It was time to strike directly at the Byzantines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the 1320's - 30's, the Ottomans captured much of the Byzantine lands, leaving all but Constantinople and some lands in Europe. After Osman had led a small kingdom to become an empire, his sons would rule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To preserve their throne, the Byzantines cut a deal to allow the Ottomans a share of the lands in the Europe. Still, by the campaign against the Byzantines, the Ottomans dealt a great deal of damage to the Christians in the west, and success to the Turks in the east.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ottomans continued to press into Kosovo and Eastern Europe under the control of Murad I. After he exploited the Murad I led the Ottomans to one of their great focal points by capturing land in Europe and conquering the Byzantines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next on the assencion of sultans was Bayazid. He was a sultan with great intentions. With the western lands stable at the moment, it was time to again press into Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and the Arab lands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His attempts, as a Muslim leader, to conquer Muslim lands offended many soldiers in his own ranks. The Christians in Ottoman Europe, who were invaded by Muslims, however, were more than glad to return the favor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With The Christians doing his dirty work for him, his reign soon fell. He died as a prisoner in Anatolia due to insurgents and rebels in his land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sultan Muhammad I, however, came in time to get control re-established.

Antoinette: Wide Sargasso Sea

AP Literature 10/29/12 Deriving Antoinette’s Insanity In the novel, Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys, one of the main characters goes through emotional chaos. That character’s name is Antoinette. She grew up in Jamaica in a rich family. After her brother Pierre died, her mother went crazy. Later on in the book, Antoinette goes crazy as well. Some critics believe that Antoinette’s madness is heredity. I disagree with that critique. The primary source of Antoinette’s madness is from the harsh treatment of her husband, Rochester. There are smaller causes as well, like the night when slaves burned down her family’s house.Antoinette is devastated. The continuous devastation along with cruel treatment from people around her cause her insanity In the beginning of the novel, Antoinette is a solitary young girl. She wanders the island, learning about the world. The fact that she is white creates tension between her and the Jamaican people. Her family also has a lot of money and most people there are poor. Tia becomes her only real friend. She loses that friend mainly because Tia is black and she is white. Jamaican people didn’t like her family. One night the slaves burn down her house, laughing and throwing stones at the family.This shocks Antoinette. She likes the Jamaican people. During the fire she sees Tia and thinks, â€Å"I will live with Tia and be like her. Not to leave Coulibri. Not to go. Not. † Just as she thinks this, Tia throws a stone at her. Emotionally, this is the start of much devastation in her life. Later on in the novel, Antoinette is married to Rochester. At first, they seem happy together. Antoinette shows him the island she grew up on and tells him stories of her childhood. Antoinette feels love again. Little does she know, Rochester feels nothing but lust for her.Rochester leads Antoinette on even more by having sex with her. Antoinette is the happiest she has ever been in her life. Rochester still feels nothing. He thinks, â€Å"As for the happiness I gave her, that was worse than nothing. I did not love her. I was thirsty for her, but that is not love. † He continues to lead her on until one day where he suddenly stops having sex with her. Antoinette goes from an extreme high, to a low point in her life. She has no one. The madness sets in. Rochester receives a letter from a man named Daniel Cosway, who tells him of Antoinette’s family history.He also tells him that he is Antoinette’s half-brother and madness runs in the family. Daniel warns Rochester that Antoinette is crazy as well. Rochester believes him and continues to push Antoinette away. One day Rochester has sex with Amelie, a servant. He doesn’t try to hide it. Antoinette hears and is hurt beyond repair. Because of this, she is more than crazy. Antoinette becomes a love crazy lunatic. She loses another person I her life whom she loved, because of this, She is not repairable. They leave t he island and Rochester locks her up. He doesn’t even try to help her.When a person is repeatedly subjected to this kind of cruel, evil-hearted treatment, the only course for that person is insanity. Heredity is not the source of the insanity though. There is nothing hereditary about what Rochester did to Antoinette. Even if madness didn’t run in the family, Antoinette probably would have the same reaction. It doesn’t help that after the cruel things that Rochester did, she had no way to cope with them. Christophine couldn’t help because Rochester threatened her. Again, there is nothing hereditary about how Rochester acted. Every reason for Antoinette’s madness has nothing to do with heredity, but cruelty.

Euthanasia: The merciful alternative Essay

â€Å"There is a time to be born and a time to die†¦ a time to kill and a time to heal†¦ a time to search and a time to give up.†(Ecclesiastes 3:2a, 3a, 6a) Euthanasia enthusiasts would agree with this quote. Euthanasia is a word that can be defined as the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies. (Webster’s dictionary) The purpose of this essay is to fortify the positive role of euthanasia by explaining why it is that terminally ill patients consider euthanasia an option and what the ethical views concerning this issue are. The main reason for which people consider ending their life through euthanasia is because they are terminally ill. Terminally ill patients are those who have been diagnosed with a progressive degenerative disease for which there is not a known cure. These diseases include those such as Multiple Sclerosis, AIDS, Huntington’s Disease, or Alzheimer’s Disease. There are three things that motivate terminally ill patients to end their life. The first reason being that they do not want to diminish their assets by incurring large medical expenses as their death approaches, and as an act of generosity they would rather die sooner, leaving their beneficiaries their assets. The second reason that one may consider euthanasia is that when they realize death is near, they wish to have total control over the process. In addition when a person relies on continuous care from another person, they feel that they have lost their independence, which can be considered as a loss of personal d ignity. (www.religioustolerance.org) Binner 2 There are two interesting ethical issues pertaining to euthanasia. The first issue examined is the Physician’s Oath, which states, â€Å"Follow that system of regimen which, according to [his] ability and judgment, [he] consider[s] for the benefit of [his] patients.†(Hippocrates) Which translated to the idea that if a patient feels the need to end their life due to a degenerative disease, then the physician, with the consent of the patient, may do so without the intervention of the law telling him or her what they are allowed  to do. According to this oath, if euthanasia is a rational method for their patient to consider, the law should not intervene. The second ethical issue to be looked at is religion. Many religious groups believe that God gave life and therefore God is the only one who can take life away. When applied to this belief, euthanasia is a sin. Many faith groups such as Christian, Muslim or Jewish, believe that these degenerative diseases and incurable pains are a divinely appointed opportunity for learning and purification. To challenge these beliefs with euthanasia would be to go against their faith in God. Euthanasia will be debated for many years to come. With the information set forth hopefully the beneficial aspects of euthanasia have been made clear. It is important to remember that treatments of physical symptoms are only part of the problem. Mental, social, and spiritual pains all add to the load that a terminally ill patient carries.

The White Dog Cafe

After careful consideration of the case, â€Å"Walking the Walk: Putting Social Responsibility into Action at the White Dog Cafe,† we believe that Judy’s main obligation is to find a qualified employee that has the same instrumental values as herself, and who can maintain the company’s philosophy of corporate social responsibility. The chapters used in this proactive social responsibility strategy are â€Å"Management’s Social and Ethical Responsibility† and â€Å"Influence, Power, and Leadership. For White Dog Cafe to be successful and to be able to keep up with their current frantic pace they need to hire multiple managers with equal skills and values as Judy, and balance social responsibility and restaurant quality. If there comes a day that Judy is no longer able to formally lead the organization, her main responsibility is to find ethical advocates with equal management skills that will be a positive reinforcement to the White Dog Cafe, and keep the tradition of Madame Blavatsky’s spirit and commitment to others. Judy’s high involvement within the company leaves her no time to go through the hiring process for when she decides to step down from her position. Being an altruistic manager, Judy is capable of balancing not only an abundant amount of projects and programs for the community but also a four-star restaurant. When the restaurant was first established, Judy had enforced the four-part philosophy to the company; she had made it well known to the employees and influenced the stakeholder audits of what she wanted to accomplish. Even though Judy was able to achieve an immense amount of tasks, it would be more efficient for the company to hire different transformational leaders for specific areas of White Dog Cafe. By promoting several employees to the manager positions, the company can be assured that they will not only thrive in the restaurant, but also in the ethical social responsibility aspect of the company. If Judy were to hire someone outside of the company, White Dog Cafe could risk losing their balance causing an iron law of responsibility. For instance, Ben & Jerry’s and The Body Shop had been bought out by two different companies that did not support the amount of social responsibility that the original companies were known for. This could be avoided by hiring current employees for the management positions because they already understand and abide by the company’s philosophy. By whistle blowing the new managers, the employees, can reassure the existence of the White Dog Cafe’s philosophy, and make certain that the managers understand how reacting with reactive social responsibility strategies is not acceptable. White Dog Cafe needs to promote its enlightened self-interest of community service by letting their customers know what the company is accomplishing; it will open the eyes of their clientele, and may lead to more loyal customers. Through Judy’s legitimate power, employees can promote their projects and programs by hanging wall decor of awards and pictures on their restaurant walls, descriptions on their menus, and a website explaining everything they achieve. Customers come into the restaurant for the exquisite food, exceptional customer service, and friendly atmosphere; however, if White Dog Cafe ever had been bought out by amoral managers, the customers and employees can stand their ground with continuous reinforcement and protest any managers that don’t qualify for the legitimate position that is of importance to the company. In the long-term future, when Judy decides to step-down from her high power position, she will have promoted several managers, creating even more empowerment within the company. By advertising all of their accomplishments and support to their community, White Dog Cafe will gain vast amounts of attention for more than just their service, attracting a wide variety of customers. The White Dog Cafe’s manager position is really stressful with all of the planning and organizing within the company; these managers need to possess emotional intelligence. We believe that with proper leadership skills, and accommodative social responsibility strategies that White Dog Cafe can prosper in Philadelphia’s community.